Mode of Activity

1. Organophosphate and Carbamate

Inhibit the enzyme cholinesterase.

This prevents the termination of nerve impulse transmission.

2. Pyrethroid and Chlorinated

    Hydrocarbon

Axonic poison

Destabilize nerve cell membranes.

3. Glycoside

Affect gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) dependent chloride ion channels, which inhibits nerve transmission.

4. Chloronicotinyl

Work on central nervous system cause over stimulation and blockage of the postsynaptic nicotine acetylcholine receptors.

5. Insect Growth Regulator

a. chitin synthesis inhibitor

b. juvenile hormone mimic

c. ecdysone hormone mimic

6. Soap and Oil

Damage the waxy layer of the exoskeleton of soft-bodies insects, which results in desiccation and/or the smothering of insects by covering the breathing pores (spiracles).

7. Botanical

a. insect repellants

b. feeding deterrents

c. sodium channel modulators

d. Site 1 electron transport inhibitors

8. Microbial

a.  acetyl choline receptor modulators

b.  microbial disruptors of insect midgut membrane

c.  Spores on the insect germinate, and penetrate through the insect cuticle.

9. Pyrodine

Blocks uptake of plant fluids by sucking insects

10. Pyridazinone

Mitochondrial  electron transport inhibitors which blocks cellular respiration

11. Sulfite ester:

Inhibition of magnesium stimulated ATPase

12. Tetrazine

Mitochondrial  electron transport inhibitors which blocks cellular respiration

13.  Carboxamide

Unknown or non specific modes of action

Mite growth inhibitors

14. Carbazate

Possibly a GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) antagonist in the peripheral nervous system at the neuromuscular synapse in insects

15. Triazine

Chitin synthesis inhibitor

16. Unique

Specific mode of action unknown